GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory NAME:
Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS
The Metric System,
Measurements, and Scientific Inquiry (Chapter 23)
For
this assignment you will require: a calculator & a metric ruler. Objectives: you should be able to list the
units for length, mass, and volume that are used in the metric system and be
able to use them for measurements. You
should be able to understand the use of the micrometer and nanometer for
measuring very small distances as well as the astronomical unit (AU) and light-year
for measuring large distances. You
should be able to determine the approximate density and specific gravity of a
solid substance. You should also be able
to conduct a scientific experiment using accepted methods of scientific
inquiry.
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS REFER TO CHAPTER
23 IN YOUR MANUAL
(Read the questions from your manual
and place your answers in the following spaces provided.)
1. Use the metric conversion diagram,
Figure 23.4, to convert the following or convert the following mathematically. Show your work and/or the movement of the
decimal!
a.
305.0
meters (m) = centimeters
(cm)
b.
1.80 meters (m) = millimeters
(mm)
c.
781.0 liters (l) = deciliters
(dl)
d.
6.400
grams (g) = milligrams
(mg)
e.
480.03
meters (m) = kilometer
(km)
f.
5214.6
centimeters (cm) = meters
(m)
g.
721.510
grams = kilogram
(kg)
h.
90.7312 hectoliters = dekaliters
(dal)
2. Since we don’t have enough
meter-sticks to go around, just record your height in inches at this point and you will convert it to meters in question
33.
a.
Inches
3. Accurately measure the length of
your SHOE to the nearest millimeter.
(mm)
4. Use a metric ruler to measure the horizontal Width of your table top (not the
thickness of the table top!) as accurately as possible to the nearest tenth of
a centimeter (called a millimeter):
(cm)
5. Use a metric ruler to measure the Length of your table top as accurately
as possible to the nearest tenth of a centimeter (called a millimeter): then
convert the length to each of the units in question 5b:
a.
(cm)
b.
(mm) (m) (km)
By using the conversion tables on the inside back
cover of your manual or the last two
pages of this packet show the metric equivalent for each of the following
units.
Length Conversion:
6. 1 inch = (cm)
7.
1 meter = feet
8.
1 mile = kilometers
Volume Conversion:
9. 1
gallon = liters
10.
1 cubic
centimeter = 1cm3 = cubic
inch
Mass Conversion:
11. 1 gram = ounce
12.
1 pound = kilogram
Convert the following temperatures to their
equivalents. Do the first four
conversions using the appropriate equation, and the others using the
temperature comparison scale on the inside-back cover of your manual. Equations:
[˚F = (1.8) ˚C + 32˚ ] or
[˚C = (˚F – 32˚)/1.8] When you want to convert
degrees Celsius (°C) to Kelvins (K), delete the degree
symbol and add 273. When you want to convert Kelvins (K) to degrees Celsius (°C), add
the degree symbol and subtract 273.
13.
a.
On a cold day it was 23˚F = ˚C
b.
Ice melts at 0˚C = ˚F
c.
Room
Temperature is 68˚F = ˚C
d.
A
hot Summer day was 39˚C = ˚F
e.
Normal
body temperature is 98.6˚F = ˚C
f.
A
hot shower is 41˚C = ˚F
g.
Hot
soup is 95˚C = ˚F
h.
Water
boils at 212˚F = ˚C
= K
14.
Using the temperature comparison scale, answer the following.
a.
The thermometer reads 4˚C. Will most people need a sweater?
b.
The thermometer reads 38˚C. Will the outdoor swimming pool be open today?
c.
If your body temperature is 36˚C, do you
have a fever?
d.
The
temperature of a cup of cocoa is 101˚C.
Will it burn your tongue?
e.
Your
bath water is 30˚C. Will you have a
scalding, warm, or chilly bath?
f.
“Who’s
been monkeying with the thermostat? It’s
35˚C in this room.” Are you
shivering or perspiring?
Use what you have learned about the metric system to
determine whether or not the following statements are reasonable. Write “yes” or “no” in the blanks. Do not convert these units to English
equivalents, only estimate their value.
15. A typical adult man weighs approximately
85 Kilograms.
16.
A fire hydrant is more than a meter tall.
17.
A college student drank 1 kiloliters of coffee last night.
18.
The room temperature is 294 K.
19.
A dime is 20 centimeters thick.
20.
A large bag of sugar can be sold
by the kilogram.
21.
The temperature in Sacramento
today is approximately 16˚C.
22.
The bathtub has approximately 0.15
kiloliters of water in it.
23.
You will need a thick coat if the
outside temperature is 18˚C.
24. A pork roast or large loaf-sized block of tofu
weighs 20 kilograms.
By definition, one
micrometer (μm) equals 0.000001 m (one millionth of a meter). There are one million micrometers (μm)
in one meter and 10,000 micrometers
(μm) in a centimeter. A
nanometer equals 0.000000001 m (one billionth of a meter), there are one
billion nanometers in one meter.
25. There are (10, 100, 1,000)
nanometers in a micrometer. Choose the
correct answer.
26. What would be the length of a 7.5 centimeter
line expressed in micrometers and nanometers?
·
micrometers in a 7.5 cm line
·
nanometers in a 7.5 cm line
27. Some forms of radiation (e.g. light)
travel in very small waves with distances from crest to crest of about 0.5 micrometers
(μm). How many of these waves would
it take to equal eight centimeters?
Hint: There are 10,000 micrometers
(μm) in a centimeter, and each wave is ½ a micrometer long.
=
Number of waves in 8 centimeters
The astronomical unit is a unit for measuring distances
within the solar system. One
astronomical unit (AU) is equal to the average distance of the Earth from the
Sun. This average distance is 150
million kilometers, which is approximately equal to 93 million miles.
28.
The planet Saturn is 1,427
million kilometers from the Sun. How
many AUs is Saturn from the Sun?
AUs
from the Sun
The light-year is one unit for measuring distances to the
stars and beyond. One light-year is
defined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one year. This distance is about 6 trillion miles
(6,000,000,000,000 miles).
29.
Approximately how many miles will
light travel in nine years?
Miles
for nine years
30. One of the nearest stars to Earth,
excluding our Sun, is named Proxima Centauri.
It is approximately 4.26 light-years away. What is the distance of Proxima Centauri from
Earth in both miles and kilometers?
miles kilometers
Density is equal to the mass of a substance
per unit volume, usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)
in the metric system. Mass is a measure of the amount of
matter an object contains. Weight is a measure of the force of
gravity on an object. For Example, the
mass of an object would be the same on both the Earth and the Moon. However, because the gravitational force of
the Moon is less than that of the Earth, the object would weigh less on the
Moon. On Earth, mass and weight are directly related, and often the same
units are used to express each. The specific gravity of a solid is the ratio
of the mass of a given volume of the substance to the mass of an equal volume
of some other substance taken as a standard (usually water at 4˚C). Because specific gravity is a ratio it is
expressed as a pure number and has no units.
For example, a specific gravity of 6 means that the substance has six
times more mass than an equal volume of water.
Because the density of pure water
at 4˚C is 1g/cm3, the specific gravity of a substance will be
numerically equal to its density.
One milliliter of water
has a volume of approximately one cubic centimeter and one cubic centimeter or
one milliliter of water has a mass of one gram.
31. Determine the density and specific
gravity of a small rock sample using the data provided. Assume that your rock sample is 1090 grams
and it displaces 250 ml of water. Use
this information to answer parts C, D, E, & F of this question. Remember to show your work!
a.
Mass
of rock sample = 1090
grams
b. Volume of water that is displaced = 250 ml of water is
displaced
c.
Volume of rock sample = cm3
d.
Mass of a volume of water equal to the volume
of the rock = (g)
e.
Density
of rock = [mass or rock (g)] / [volume of rock (cm3)] = g/cm3
f.
Specific gravity of rock = [mass or rock (g)]
/ [mass of an equal volume of water (g)] =
32. Observe all the people in the
laboratory and pay particular attention to each individual’s height and shoe
length. You should do this before you plot the data for the class! Based upon your observations, write a
tentative hypothesis or prediction that
relates a person’s height to their shoe length:
33.
Previously in question 2 of this packet, each person in the laboratory
recorded their height in inches. Convert your height into meters to the nearest
hundredth of a meter. You will also
gather height and shoe length data from the others in the laboratory. Enter their data below yours. If you need more space, make a second set of
columns.
·
Your height to the nearest hundredth of
a meter.
·
Your shoe length to the nearest
millimeter.
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
·
Height
(meters) Shoe
Length (mm)
Plot all of the above data on the
Height vs. Shoe length graph, Figure 23.5, by locating a person’s height on the
vertical axis and his or her shoe length on the horizontal axis. Then place a dot on the graph where the two
intersect. You do not have to submit the graph for credit, but you will be
answering questions based upon it!
34. Describe the pattern of the data
points (dots) on the Height vs. Show Length graph, Figure 23.5. For example, are the points scattered all
over the graph or do they appear to follow a line or curve?
35. Draw and/or observe the single straight line on the graph that appears to
average, or best fit, the pattern of the data points. You will need this information to answer the
following question.
36. Describe the relation of the height
to shoe length that is illustrated by the line on your graph. In other words, describe the results of the
height vs. shoe length experiment using the graph. What, if any, correlation did you observe
between height and shoe length as depicted by the graph.
37. Which do you think would be more
accurate in predicting the height of a person, their shoe length or their foot
length? (Pick one)
38. In light of the previous question, do you
think that you should accept, reject, or
modify your original hypothesis regarding a person’s height? Give
the reason(s) for your choice.
39. Do you think that your ability to make
predictions would have been more accurate if you had used the heights and foot
lengths of ten thousand people to construct your graph? (yes or no?)
Complete the
Summary/Report Page at the end of chapter 23 in your manual for extra credit. These questions are similar to the questions that you have
already answered previously, so use the same techniques!
1. List the basic metric unit and corresponding
symbol used for the following measurements.
·
Length:
·
Mass:
·
Volume:
2. Convert the following units:
A. 25.0 liters = deciliters
B. 63.0 millimeters = meter
C. 66.2°F = °C
D. 3.540 kilograms = grams
E.
135.6 grams = milligrams
3. Indicate
by answering “yes” or “no” whether or not the following statements are reasonable:
A. A person is 183 centimeters tall:
B. A bag of groceries weighs 40.0 kilograms:
C. It took 60 liters of gasoline to fill a typical
car’s empty gasoline tank.
4.
How
many micrometers are there in 6.0 centimeters?
·
Micrometers
in 6.0 centimeters
5.
How many waves, each 50 micrometers (μm) wide,
would fit along a four centimeter line?
·
Waves
along a four centimeter line
6.
What would be the distance of a star that is 12.5
light-years from Earth?
·
Miles from
Earth Kilometers from
Earth
7.
Uranus, one of the most distant planets, is
2,870 million kilometers from the Sun.
What is its distance from the Sun in astronomical units?
·
Astronomical
units from the Sun
8.
Describe
the difference between the two terms, Density
and
Metric Prefixes and symbols
Prefix Abbreviation Meaning Example Number
Giga- G 109 1 gigaliter = 1 x 109
liters 1,000,000,000
Mega- M 106 1 megaton = 1 x 106 tons 1,000,000
Kilo- k 103 1 kilogram (kg) =1 x 103
grams 1,000
Hecto- h 102 1 hectoliter = 1 x 102
liters 100
Deka- da 101 1 dekaliter = 1 X 101
liters 10
Deci- d 10-1 1 decimeter (dm) = 0.1m 0.1
Centi- c 10-2 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01m 0.01
Milli- m 10-3 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001m 0.001
Micro- µ 10-6 1 micrometer (µm) = 1 x 10-6m 0.000001
Nano- n 10-9 1 nanometer (nm) = 1 x 10-9m 0.000000001
Pico- p 10-12 1 picometer (pm) = 1 x 10-12m 0.000000000001
Metric and English Units Compared
|
Units: 1 kilometer (km) =
1000 meters (m) 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.39
inch (in.) 1 mile (mi) = 5280 feet 1 foot (ft) = 12
inches (in.) 1 inch (in.) = 2.54 centimeters (cm) 1 square mile (mi2) = 640
acres (a) 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000
grams (g) 1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces (oz) 1 fathom = 6 feet
(ft) |
Conversions: When you want to convert: multiply
by: to find: Length:
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Conversions
continued: When you want to convert: multiply
by: to find: Area:
Masses and Weights:
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Conversions
continued: When you want to convert: multiply
by: to find: Volume:
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Temperature: When you want to convert degrees Fahrenheit (°F) to degrees Celsius (°C), subtract 32 degrees and divide
by 1.8. When you want to convert degrees Celsius (°C) to degrees Fahrenheit (°F), multiply by 1.8
and add 32 degrees. When you want to
convert degrees Celsius (°C) to Kelvins (K), delete the
degree symbol and add 273. When you want to convert Kelvins (K) to degrees
Celsius (°C), add the degree symbol and
subtract 273. Examples of Scientific Notation 100 = 1
101 = 10 102
= 100 103 = 1000 104 = 10000 20
= 1 21 = 2 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 |
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Going UP the ladder,
move the decimal point to the Left Going DOWN the ladder,
move the decimal point to the Right
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